Ground vibration test (GVT) is one of the standard structural tests required for designed passenger aircrafts. This test is performed to derive the experimental dynamical model of aircraft structure. The process of executing this test involves test planning, structural preparation, data gathering, and extraction of dynamic parameters from the test data. In the present study, the practical implementation process of each step is described. Given the size and complexity of this test, certain techniques, hardware, and software are to be investigated. The global experience of performing this test is briefly discussed. Finally, a typical setup for a Ground vibration test of a large aircraft is introduced and described.

Summary: The effect of blast-induced Ground vibrations on mines and on adjacent structures and facilities is an example of the adverse consequences of the mining cycle. In order to control the vibrations, and also, managing the adverse effects, the measurement and modeling of the concerned wave attenuation are necessary. Normally, by implementing several trial blasts and analyzing corresponding Ground vibrations, we can determine the related attenuation model for different sites and mines. Usually, the modeling of the peak particle velocity (PPV) damping is performed based on the distance between blast-face and monitoring station and maximum charge used per delay. In this research, using different empirical models, the PPV equation is determined for blasting in the Sungun copper mine. Moreover, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) has been employed to develop prediction model for Ground vibrations. A comparison of the results obtained from different models are made based on several statistical tests between monitored and predicted values of PPV. According to these statistical tests, fairly good performance of the ICA-based model in the forecasting of PPV is proved. Introduction Drilling and blasting are typical methods of rock excavation. The Ground vibrations are an adverse effect of blasting that cannot be completely eliminated; but certainly can be minimized up to permissible level to avoid possible damages to surrounding structures. Ground vibration is directly related to the maximum charge per delay and distance between blast face and monitoring station. To predict Ground vibration, several empirical models have been developed by various investigators. In the most of these models, the PPV is the parameter of concern. Methodology and Approaches In this paper, the ICA was proposed to get an appropriate equation for forecasting the PPV in the Sungun copper mine. For comparison purposes, three well-known empirical models were also used. To evaluate the performance of PPV models, the correlation between the predicted and real measured values of PPV was determined. Standard statistical evaluation criteria were used to evaluate the performances of different PPV predictor models. Results and Conclusions Considering the calculated statistical error between the forecasted and real measured values of PPV, the ICA-based model has the lowest values of MAE, VARE and RMSE, while it has the highest value of VAF, in comparison with the empirical models.

Ground vibration is one of the most unfavorable consequences of the blasting operation in open pit mines, which assign about 40 percent of explosive energy. Ground vibration may cause some unsuitable effects such as destroying the surface structures, damaging the free face and generate back breaks, generating the over-size boulders and imposing additional costs to the mine because of the secondary blasting. Optimum blasting pattern design can help to reduce the above mentioned problems. Due to multiplicity of effective parameters and complexity of interactions among these parameters, empirical methods may not be fully appropriate for blasting pattern design. In this paper, using a combination of the Grey analysis and Genetic algorithm, addition to developing a new equation for estimating the Ground vibration in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine, blasting pattern is presented. The results show that with applying the proposed blasting pattern the average Ground vibration will be decreased about 55 percent.

Ground vibration Test (GVT) is one of the standard tests used for designing new aircraft. In this paper, GVT was carried out on an aircraft structure model by the phase separation method. In order to obtain more accurate results, the structure was excited by hammer, random and sine excitations. The results were then used to extract the modal parameters, i.e. natural frequencies, modal damping factors and mode shapes. Extraction algorithms were based on multi degree of freedom (MDoF) methods where several FRFs are analyzed simultaneously. Correlation between different test techniques was also investigated. Next, a finite element model of the structure was constructed and the theoretical modal analysis results have been compared with experimental ones. The test results obtained from the phase separation technique were also compared with a similar test carried out on the same structure by the phase resonance method. Finally, a cylindrical mass was added to the right tail wing of the model. A new set of modal tests was carried out to investigate the effect of unsymmetry on the modal properties of the structure.

Ground vibration is one of the undesirable outcomes of blasting operations. Different methods have been proposed to predict and control Ground vibration that is caused by blasting. These methods can be classified through laboratory studies, fieldwork and numerical modeling. Among these methods, numerical modeling is the one which takes into account the basic principles of mechanics and provides step by step time-domain solutions to save time and budget. In order to use numerical analysis in predicting the results of blasting operations, the accuracy of the output must be verified through field test. In this study, the Ground vibration caused by blasting in a field operation in Miduk Copper Mine was recorded using 3-component seismometers of the Vibracord seismograph and analyzed by vibration-Meter software. Propagation of the waves caused by blasting in the mine slope was modeled using discrete element logic in the UDEC numerical software and was compared to that of the field test. Having tested the accuracy of the results, the effect of primer location and the direction of detonation propagation in the blast hole on the rate of Ground vibration caused by blasting was investigated. The results show that by changing primer location from the bottom of the hole to its top, the rate of Ground vibration caused by blasting increases.

Blast-induced Ground vibration (PPV) evaluation for a safe blasting is a longestablished criterion used mainly by the empirical equations. However, the empirical equations are again considering a limited information. Therefore, using Machine Learning (ML) tools [Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF)] can help in this context, and the same is applied in this work. A total of 73 blasts are monitored and recorded in this work. For the ML tools, the dataset is divided into the 80-20 ratio for the training and testing purposes in order to evaluate the performance capacity of the models. The prediction accuracies by the SVM and RF models in predicting the PPV values are satisfactory (up to 9% accuracy). The results obtained show that the coefficient of determination (R2) for RF and SVM is 0. 81 and 0. 75, respectively. Compared to the existing linear regressions, this work recommends using a machine learning regression model for the PPV prediction.

If Ground vibration caused by blasting exceeded from the specific amount, it will damaged the structures and rock mass which are adjacent to blasting site. There fore Ground vibration should be under control. One of the methods for controlling the Ground vibration is using peak particle velocity criteria. In underGround power station complex of Masjed Soliman’s dam the structures of phase2 have been excavated by drilling and blasting in presence of the phasl structures. Hence, Ground vibration which is the result of blasting, should be limited to such a degree that no damage caused to adjacent structures. For this reason more than 300 blasting have been registered by geophones. By using these data in terms of particle velocity criteria, Formulas for all areas of underGround power station complex have been calculated. Then with regard to these formulas, blasting patterns for reduce of damage were redesigned.

The purpose of this paper is to simulate train movement and investigate its effect on Ground vibration. For this purpose, effective factors on dynamic load magnitude and frequency have been studied and variation of wagon force in a longitudinal model is considered. Fourier Amplitude Spectrum was then computed by means of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) of the dynamic train load and the frequency range of train load was determined. In the next step, low energy frequencies were filtered and the dynamic load as a point load was implied on a numerical model of Tehran Subway Tunnel Line 4, as a case study. History of velocity and acceleration in the model surface was then recorded and used as a descriptor to appraise the vibration level. Based on the FTA standard, the induced vibration level leads to residential annoyance in the Ground surface. This occurs when two trains with 80 Km/s speed and 100 ton wagon weight pass from the tunnel cross section.